16th April 2026

Explanation - Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is primarily transmitted to humans by triatomine bugs—commonly called "kissing bugs"—but can also spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, from mother to child during pregnancy, and, rarely, through contaminated food or laboratory accidents. It is often termed the "silent or silenced disease" due to its asymptomatic nature and prevalence among marginalised populations. Chagas disease is endemic in 21 countries in Latin America but is increasingly detected in the United States, Europe, and other regions due to migration.

Explanation - It is India's first dedicated nuclear missile tracking and ocean surveillance ship. It was commissioned on 10 September 2021. It was built by Hindustan Shipyard Limited in collaboration with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO). Functions of INS Dhruv — The ship has the capability to map ocean floors, which aids in the research and detection of enemy submarines. It is a highly secretive strategic asset designed to track ballistic missiles and gather electronic intelligence (ELINT) to support India's missile defence programme. It provides early warning of missile attacks and helps calibrate India's own ballistic missile defence systems by gathering data on flight trajectories and terminal performance. It is operated jointly by the Indian Navy, the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Features of INS Dhruv — It is equipped with powerful X-band and S-band AESA radars, it can track nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and satellites from thousands of kilometres away. It is capable of monitoring missile re-entry vehicles, distinguishing between different payload signatures and generating data useful for ballistic missile defence calibration, countermeasure development and strategic warning systems.

Explanation - The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF) aims to foster, strengthen, and promote scientific research in India. The NRF functions under the Department of Science and Technology, not directly under the Ministry of Science and Technology. One of the key objectives of the NRF is to fund research projects across various disciplines, including science, technology, and humanities. The NRF was established through an act of Parliament to ensure its statutory status and function.

Explanation - It is a cyber-security awareness training programme to enable one million women across rural India. It aims to strengthen last mile cybersecurity awareness, particularly among women in rural India, who are increasingly engaging with digital platforms for financial transactions, livelihoods and access to essential services. This initiative is anchored under Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY's) Information Security Education and Awareness (ISEA) programme through C-DAC Hyderabad. Target and Duration: To empower one million Cyber Sakhis in rural India over the next three years. Implementation Strategy — C-DAC will lead the development, localisation, and continuous enhancement of cybersecurity training content under the ISEA Project. Reliance Foundation will leverage its extensive grassroots presence and women's empowerment platforms across rural India, for delivery through a peer-led, community based model. The initiative will be started first in Madhya Pradesh and Odisha and expanded nationwide in a phased manner.

Explanation - Legal Framework on Film Piracy in India — India has a multi-layered legal framework to address piracy. Copyright Act, 1957 — The Copyright Act forms the primary legal basis for protecting creative works. Section 63 provides for imprisonment up to 3 years. It also allows fines up to Rs. 2 lakh. Section 63A deals with repeat offenders, imposing similar penalties for each violation. The Act covers films, books, music and other intellectual property. Cinematograph Act, 1952 (Amended in 2023) — The 2023 amendment strengthened anti-piracy provisions. It introduces a penalty of up to 5% of the audited gross budget of the film. This significantly increases financial deterrence for piracy. In high-value productions, this can result in extremely large fines.