22nd November 2025

Explanation - Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675) was the ninth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He was born as Tyaga Mal. He was the fifth and the youngest son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind. He came to be known by the name Teg Bahadur (Mighty of The Sword), given to him by Guru Hargobind after he showed his valour in a battle against the Mughals. In 1664, Guru Teg Bahadur succeeded Guru Har Krishan Ji as the ninth Sikh Guru. He built the city of Anandpur Sahib (in Rupnagar/Ropar district, on the edge of Shivalik Hills, near the Sutlej River, in Punjab). Here the last two Sikh Gurus lived and where Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded the Khalsa Panth in 1699. He contributed more than 100 poetic hymns to the Granth Sahib, covering various topics. He resisted the forced conversions of Kashmiri Pandits and non-Muslims to Islam. He was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (not Jahangir) in Delhi for refusing to convert to Islam. Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk marks the place of his execution. His martyrdom is remembered as the Shaheedi Divas of Guru Tegh Bahadur every year on 24 November. 

Explanation - Meerut Bugle is a brass wind instrument common with the drills of armed forces and used in wars, ceremonies, and parades for decades. It is used to signal the start of movements or events, and carries a deep historical imprint. Meerut's association with bugle-making dates back to the late 19th century. The bugle's story is closely linked to the development of India's military traditions. The making of a bugle is entirely manual. A brass sheet is cut and hammered into shape using a specialised die. The sheet is moulded and processed through several stages to achieve a smooth finish, and finally fitted with a mouthpiece. Types of bugles manufactured include: Copper bugle (the highest in demand across India), Gold-finish bugle (featuring a polished gold-like surface), and Silver-finish bugle (produced on request). 

Explanation - It is an American-made, man-portable, anti-tank guided missile. It is developed and produced jointly by American defence majors Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. It was designed to defeat heavily armoured vehicles such as main battle tanks and lighter-skinned military vehicles. The weapon also has capability against other target types like fortifications, bunkers, and helicopters. It first entered service with the U.S. military in 1996. It has an effective range of 2.5 km, with newer models reportedly capable of reaching up to 4 kilometres. It can be employed from confined spaces due to its soft-launch mechanism. It uses "fire-and-forget" technology to guide itself to the target without external commands or target designation. Its imaging-infrared seeker enables independent homing once fired, allowing operators to take cover immediately. The missile can engage targets using either a direct or top attack mode, with the latter designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the thinner armour on the tops of tanks. 

Explanation - It is a regional security grouping comprising India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Mauritius. The CSC, initially known as the Trilateral for Maritime Security Cooperation, evolved out of trilateral meetings between NSAs and Deputy NSAs from India, Maldives, and Sri Lanka, starting in 2011. After its revival and re-branding as the CSC in 2020, Mauritius was added as a member of the grouping. Current members of CSC include India, Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, while Seychelles is an observer nation. Cooperation under the conclave focuses on five pillars – maritime safety and security, countering terrorism and radicalisation, combating trafficking and transnational organised crime, cyber-security and protection of critical infrastructure, and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. A permanent secretariat, based in Colombo, was established in 2021 to coordinate all activities and implement decisions made at the NSA level. 

Explanation - Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms are government-mandated standards that require auto manufacturers to meet a fleet-wide average fuel economy target. India's CAFE norms, introduced by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in 2017, aim to regulate fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions from passenger vehicles under 3,500 kg. In India, CAFE norms were introduced in two phases, with the first stage effective from 2017-18 and the second from 2022-23. These norms apply to vehicles powered by petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG, hybrids, and electric power. Tighter norms were enforced in 2022–23, with penalties for non-compliance. Manufacturers were required to achieve: Fuel consumption ≤ 4.78 litres/100 km CO₂ emissions ≤ 113 g/km. Under India's CAFE system, heavier vehicles are allowed higher absolute CO₂ emissions, making it easier for large SUVs and premium cars to comply. Meanwhile, smaller, lighter cars face stricter targets, even if their emissions are already low.