24th February 2025

Explanation: Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. The IT Act, 2000 is the primary legislation for digital content regulation. The IT Rules, 2021 mandate a three-tier grievance redressal mechanism. The Kerala High Court has indeed restrained coercive action over non-compliance with Part III of the IT Rules 2021. Statement 4 is incorrect. YouTube is regulated as a social media intermediary, not a traditional publisher, and has limited liability for user-generated content.

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. The three-language formula was first introduced in the National Education Policy of 1968. Statement 2 is incorrect. The formula allows flexibility in choosing languages and does not mandate Hindi for all states. Statement 3 is incorrect. NEP 2020 retains the three-language formula with more flexibility. Statement 4 is correct. Tamil Nadu has consistently opposed the three-language formula, preferring a two-language policy of Tamil and English.

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. The QPE Index is based on five variables, including the capital outlay to GDP ratio and the development expenditure to GDP ratio. Statement 2 is incorrect. A lower revenue expenditure to capital outlay ratio indicates better quality of public expenditure, as it suggests more focus on long-term investments. Statement 3 is correct. The latest RBI report suggests that India's quality of public expenditure is at its highest level since economic liberalization in 1991.

Explanation: Lake Kivu is significant in regional geopolitics primarily due to its large methane deposits. These deposits represent a potential energy source for the region, but their exploitation also poses risks and could potentially become a source of conflict between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, which share the lake.

Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Parkinson's disease primarily affects the substantia nigra, and recent research has identified a cholesterol metabolite (24-OHC) as contributing to the spread of protein clumps. Statement 2 is incorrect; the disease is characterized by a lack of dopamine, not an excess. Statement 4 is also incorrect; currently, there are no definitive blood or radiological tests to diagnose Parkinson's disease.