27th November 2025

 Recently, the Hayli Gubbi volcano erupted for the first time after 10,000 years and its massive ash cloud is moving towards northern India. About Hayli Gubbi Volcano - Location — It is located in Ethiopia's Afar region, in northeast of Addis Ababa near the Eritrean border. It is a shield volcano that sits within Ethiopia's Danakil Depression, one of the hottest and most remote areas on the planet. It is the southernmost volcano in the Erta Ale range. The Erta Ale range is known for its persistent lava lakes and is primarily made up of shield volcanoes.

Asian and Pacific Centre for Development of Disaster Information Management is a regional institution of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). Vision — To ensure effective disaster risk information is produced and used for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. Mandate — To reduce human and material losses due to natural hazards and contribute to the effective design, investment and implementation of disaster risk reduction and resilience policies. Governance — It is governed by a Governing Council consisting of eight ESCAP member countries elected for a period of three years (India is one of the members for a period from 2022 to 2025). Headquarter — Tehran, Iran. Functions — Risk Information and Knowledge Repository: It functions as a regional facility to strengthen the science-policy interface. Information Capacity and Application: It facilitates the exchange of expertise, experiences, and knowledge in disaster information management between and within the countries of the region. Regional Cooperation and Coordination for Disaster Risk Information: It promotes effective regional cooperation, facilitate dialogue.

A Special Leave Petition (SLP) is a legal remedy provided by the Indian judicial system. It allows a party to appeal to the Supreme Court of India against any judgment or order passed by any court or tribunal in the country. Unlike an appeal in which the Supreme Court is obligated to hear the case, an SLP is discretionary, meaning the Supreme Court has the choice to either accept or reject the petition. This discretionary power is used by the Supreme Court to focus on cases of national or constitutional importance or those that involve a substantial question of law.

 Article 200 of the Indian Constitution includes the process for a state bill to be presented to the Governor for assent. It provides for four alternative courses of action for a Governor when a bill, after being passed by the legislature, is presented to him/her for assent:

• Give assent to the bill
• Withhold assent
• Return the bill to the state legislature, requesting to reconsider some provisions of the bill or the bill itself. However, if the legislature again passes the bill with/without accepting any of the amendments suggested by the Governor, it is constitutionally bound to give assent to the Bill.

• Reserve the bill for the consideration of the President. This reservation is mandatory when the bill passed by the State Legislature endangers the position of the State High Court.

Information Security Education and Awareness Project is an initiative of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. Purpose — Generating human resources in the area of Information Security and creating general awareness on cyber hygiene/cyber security among the masses. Aim — It is aimed at human resources development for safe, trusted, and secure cyber space. Implementation — The project is implemented through select 50 institutions in a hub-n-spoke mode, comprising: Premier Academic Institutions i.e. IITs, NITs, IIITs, etc., Autonomous Organisations of MeitY i.e. C-DAC & NIELIT, and Technical Universities.