28th June 2025

Explanation - The World Bank defines the extreme poor as those living on less than USD 1.90 a day. It is based on information about basic needs collected from 15 low-income countries. About 9.2% of the world, or 689 million people, live in extreme poverty on less than USD 1.90 a day, according to the World Bank. Extreme Poverty is identified in two ways: 

• Absolute Poverty: It is when a person cannot afford the minimum nutrition, clothing and shelter needs in their country. 

• Relative Poverty: It is when a household income is below a certain percentage, typically 50% or 60%, of the median income of that country. 

Since independence, six official committees have so far estimated the number of people living in poverty in India: 

• The Working group of 1962, 

• V N Dandekar and N Rath Committee (1971), 

• Y K Alagh Committee (1979), 

• D T Lakdawala Committee (1993), 

• Suresh Tendulkar Committee (2009), 

• C Rangarajan Committee (2014). 

The Central government did not take a call on the report of the Rangarajan Committee; therefore, poverty is measured using the Tendulkar poverty line. 

Explanation - The CAMPA or Compensatory Afforestation Management Funds Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) was introduced in 2004 to accelerate activities for the preservation of natural forests, management of wildlife, infrastructure development in forests, and other allied works. Supreme Court of India ordered for establishment of Compensatory Afforestation Fund and Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) in 2001. Provisions of CAMPA Act, 2016 

• To compensate the loss of forest area and to maintain the sustainability, the Government of India came up with a well-defined Act, known as CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority). 

• The law establishes the National Compensatory Afforestation Fund under the Public Account of India, and a State Compensatory Afforestation Fund under the Public Account of each state. 

• These Funds will receive payments for: (i) compensatory afforestation, (ii) net present value of forest (NPV), and (iii) other project specific payments. 

• The National Fund will receive 10% of these funds, and the State Funds will receive the remaining 90%. 

• According to the Act's provision, a company diverting forest land must provide alternative land (or resources) to take up compensatory afforestation. 

• For afforestation, the company should pay to plant new trees in the alternative land provided to the state. 

Explanation - Argentina has maintained that the Falklands were illegally taken from it in 1833 and invaded the British colony in 1982. That incident resulted in what later came to be known as the Falklands War that lasted a little over three months, ending in victory for the United Kingdom. 

Explanation - K-6 Missile is a nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). It is under development at DRDO's Advanced Naval Systems Laboratory in Hyderabad. It is designed specifically for the advanced S-5 class SSBNs (nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines) of the Indian Navy. Larger than the Arihant, the S-5 will be 12 metres long, 2 metres wide, and capable of carrying two to three tonnes of warheads. Features — It is a hypersonic SLBM capable of reaching speeds up to Mach 7.5—or approximately 9,261 kilometres per hour. This staggering speed dramatically reduces enemy reaction time and makes interception by conventional missile defence systems virtually impossible. The K-6 missile boasts an impressive range of 8,000 kilometres. India has previously tested the K-3 (1,000 to 2,000 km range), K-4 (3,500 km range), and K-5 (5,000 to 6,000 km range) SLBMs, with the K-4 and K-5 already inducted into the Navy. The missile is capable of carrying both nuclear and conventional warheads, offering strategic flexibility in both wartime and deterrent scenarios. It is being designed with MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle) capability—allowing a single missile to carry and deploy multiple warheads at different targets. 

Explanation - According to the US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), PFAs are man-made chemicals used to make nonstick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain resistant fabrics, cosmetics, firefighting forms and many other products that resist grease, water and oil. PFAs can migrate to the soil, water and air during their production and use. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists a variety of health risks that are attributed to PFA exposure, including decreased fertility, developmental effects in children, interference with body hormones, increased cholesterol levels and increased risk of some cancers. Recent research has also revealed that long-term low-level exposure to certain PFAs