6th October 2025

Explanation – The Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas was established to consolidate monitoring bodies and create an overarching authority for air quality management. While it supersedes and consolidates many bodies, it does not supersede the National Green Tribunal (NGT). The Commission did replace the Supreme Court-appointed Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA), which had been in operation for 22 years. The Bill specifies that orders of the Commission can be challenged before the NGT, not the Supreme Court, making statement 3 incorrect. 

Explanation – The Cassini-Huygens mission was launched in 1997 (not 2016) as a collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency (not the Japanese Space Agency), making statement 1 incorrect. The Huygens probe did successfully land on Saturn's moon Titan in 2005. Cassini was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn, not the first, making statement 3 incorrect. 

Explanation – The Clean Slate Doctrine under the IBC ensures that a new buyer of a company is not held accountable for any pre-existing debts, penalties, or liabilities, giving the company a fresh start. The Supreme Court has upheld this principle, ruling in cases like Essar Steel India and Edelweiss Asset Reconstruction that once a resolution plan is approved by the NCLT, all previous liabilities, including government dues like taxes, are extinguished if not part of the plan. This means no party can initiate or continue legal proceedings for claims not included in the approved plan, making statement 3 incorrect as it contradicts the core principle of extinguishing all prior claims. 

Explanation – This is the first dedicated Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for passive electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, and speakers. The scheme offers three incentive structures: turnover-linked, capex-linked (investment in plant and machinery), and a hybrid model, making statement 2 incorrect. Employment generation is a mandatory requirement for all applicants. The manufacturing of active components like semiconductors falls under the purview of the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), not this specific PLI scheme. Thus, only statements 1 and 3 are correct. 

Explanation – Presumptive taxation is a simplified tax regime where taxable income is calculated as a fixed percentage of gross revenue, reducing compliance burdens and providing certainty. India already applies this in limited sectors, such as electronics manufacturing services (25% of gross payments deemed profit) and non-resident cruise operators (20% of gross receipts deemed profit). NITI Aayog has proposed extending this principle to sectors involving digital services, technology, and offshore supply, where disputes are more common.