20th May 2026

Explanation: Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) will help private players through encouraging policies, a friendly regulatory environment, and guidance in space activities.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will remain the basic body that decides what missions are to be undertaken, while IN-SPACe will help fill the gaps.

IN-SPACe will hand-hold, promote, and guide private industries in space activities through encouraging policies and a friendly regulatory environment.

New Space India Limited (NSIL) would endeavour to reorient space activities from a supply-driven model to a demand-driven one, thereby ensuring optimum utilisation of the nation’s space assets.

Explanation: PM-SHRI is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme announced in 2022.

Objective

The objective is the development of more than 14,500 schools across the country by strengthening selected existing schools being managed by Central Government, State Government, UT Government, and local bodies.

The duration of the scheme is from 2022-23 to 2026-27, after which it shall be the responsibility of the States/UTs to continue to maintain the benchmarks achieved by these schools.

Features

• The selected schools will act as exemplar schools showcasing all components of the National Education Policy 2020 and offering mentorship to other schools in their vicinity.
• The PM-SHRI Schools will be developed as Green Schools, incorporating environment-friendly aspects.
• The pedagogy adopted in these schools will be more experiential, holistic, integrated, play/toy-based, inquiry-driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centric, discussion-based, flexible, and enjoyable.
• The focus will be on the learning outcomes of every child in every grade.
• Assessment at all levels will be based on conceptual understanding and application of knowledge to real-life situations and will be competency-based.
• Linkage with Sector Skill Councils and local industry for enhancing employability and providing better employment opportunities will be explored.
• A School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) is being developed, specifying the key performance indicators to measure outcomes.
• Quality evaluation of these schools at regular intervals will be undertaken to ensure the desired standards.

Explanation: The National One Health Mission was launched in 2024. It is a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach that unites human, animal, and environmental health sectors.

It recognises the interconnectedness of these domains, aiming to optimise health outcomes and address challenges across the sectors.

It was launched to safeguard national health by unifying human, animal, and environmental surveillance systems to ensure robust pandemic preparedness and integrated disease control.

Nodal Agency

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), under the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA).

Governance of the National One Health Mission

It has a two-tiered governance structure:

Executive Committee

It is chaired by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW), with the Principal Scientific Adviser as vice-chair and Member Health, NITI Aayog as a permanent invitee.

Secretaries of various stakeholder departments and two states on a rolling basis are members.

The committee provides overall policy guidance for the progress of the mission and its associated activities.

Scientific Steering Committee

It is chaired by the Principal Scientific Adviser and has Secretaries/DGs of all stakeholder departments and two states on a rolling basis as members.

It provides overall scientific direction, oversight, and guidance to the National One Health Mission.

Explanation: SMILE — Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer — is a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).

It will study the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere.

Aim

It aims to capture the first X-ray images of Earth’s protective magnetic shield in action as it battles and deflects harmful charged particles and energies coming from the Sun.

It will be positioned at about 1.21 lakh km above Earth’s north pole and will be able to observe the edge of the magnetosphere in its entirety.

Mission Life

SMILE weighs about 2,600 kg and has a mission life of about three years.

Instruments

The mission is carrying four scientific instruments:

1. Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) — developed by ESA
2. Magnetometer — developed by the Chinese team
3. Light Ion Analyser (LIA) — developed by the Chinese team
4. Ultraviolet Aurora Imager (UVI) — developed by the Chinese team

The four instruments will operate on both X-ray and ultraviolet wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. These payloads will use remote sensing and make in situ observations along the near-Earth regions.

Significance

It is designed to understand the interaction of solar wind with Earth’s magnetic shield and the magnetic glitches occurring on the dark side of Earth.

It will help solar physicists better understand space weather and also help forecast impending solar storms or likely perturbations to space weather.

Explanation: All statements are incorrect.

There are commonly four types of bail in India:

Default Bail

This is a right to bail that accrues when the police fail to complete investigation within a specified period in respect of a person in judicial/police custody. It is also known as statutory bail.

At the end of this specified period, if the investigation is not complete, the court shall release the person “if he is prepared to and does furnish bail”.

This is enshrined in Section 167(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).

Regular Bail

A regular bail is generally granted to a person who has been arrested or is in police custody. A bail application can be filed for regular bail under Sections 437 and 439 of CrPC.

Interim Bail

This type of bail is granted for a short period of time by the Court till the application seeking Anticipatory Bail or Regular Bail is pending before a Court.

Anticipatory Bail

Anticipatory bail is granted under Section 438 of CrPC either by Sessions Court or High Court. An application for the grant of anticipatory bail can be filed by a person who discerns that he may be arrested by the police for a non-bailable offence.