24th October 2026

Explanation - It was established after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972 and is headquartered at Nairobi, Kenya. The UNEP is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system. It does so through the UN Environment Assembly, the world’s highest decision-making body on the environment.

The organisation —

• Develops international environmental agreements, publishes and promotes environmental science and helps national governments achieve environmental targets.
• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
• The Minamata Convention on Mercury,
• Through its campaigns, particularly World Environment Day (June 5), UNEP raises awareness and advocates for effective environmental action.
• As a member of the United Nations Development Group, UNEP aims to help the world meet the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
• Hosts the secretariats of several multilateral environmental agreements and research bodies, including —
• The Convention on Migratory Species and
• The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
• Is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.

In 1988, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It also publishes an annual Emissions Gap Report.

Explanation - The Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi (PM-DAKSH) Yojana is being implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment from the year 2020-21. It is a National Action Plan for the marginalised persons of SC, OBC, EBC, DNT, Sanitation workers including waste pickers, manual scavengers, transgenders and other similar categories. ’Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi’ (DAKSH) Yojana is proposed to be put in place with a multi-pronged strategy to improve the all-round competency and adeptness of 10 lakh persons of these categories over the next four years, beginning with nearly 1.5 lakh youth in the first year i.e. 2020-21. Under this Yojana, eligible target group are being provided skill development training programmes on

• Up-skilling/Re-skilling,
• Short Term Training Programme,
• Long Term Training Programme and
• Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP).

These training programs are being implemented through Government Training Institutes, Sector Skill Councils constituted by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and other credible institutions.

Explanation - PHP2Shell refers to two critical vulnerabilities that could let attackers remotely execute malicious code on web servers — without logging in — or access sensitive information stored in server memory. Flaw 1 — Interrupted Mid-Task: When PHP runs out of memory while processing a request (e.g., a CV upload), it can be cut off midway and later mistakenly treat incomplete data as valid — creating an exploitable gap. Flaw 2 — Leftovers: PHP can sometimes retain leftover information from an earlier user’s request even after that memory should have been cleared. When handling a new request, it may mistakenly reuse this outdated data instead of starting fresh — which an attacker could exploit to interfere with server operations. Why It’s Dangerous? Attackers need no account or physical access — a single malicious request sent over the internet could, under certain conditions, make a server execute attacker-chosen instructions. This could expose personal information, uploaded documents, or login credentials. AI tools could accelerate exploitation, even though the flaws are dangerous on their own.

Explanation - PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a free, open-source, volunteer-maintained programming language that runs behind the scenes of websites — handling logins, form submissions, and online purchases. It powers ~70% of websites whose server-side language is identifiable. WordPress — which runs over 40% of all websites globally (blogs, government portals, news sites, online shops) — is itself built on PHP. This pervasiveness is exactly why a flaw in PHP has such outsized global impact.

Explanation - Statement 1 is Correct: Jwala-MK1 is a cost-effective short-range surface-to-air missile developed by IG Defence, an Odisha-based private start-up.

Statement 2 is Correct: It is primarily designed to destroy hostile unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unlike conventional air-defence missiles aimed at aircraft or high-value targets.

Statement 3 is Correct: It uses a solid-fuel dual-pulse rocket motor, which enables rapid acceleration at launch and extra speed during the final attack.

Statement 4 is Incorrect: Full propulsion-system integration is still a key step to be achieved (only two solid rocket motors have been test-fired recently). Furthermore, complete-system flight trials, guidance and control validation, and integration with command-and-control architecture are next steps, meaning they have not yet been completed. Therefore, claiming it is "fully integrated" and has "completed all system-level flight trials" is factually wrong.